True infantile acne generally affects the cheeks, and sometimes the forehead and chin, of children aged six weeks to one year. It is more common in boys and is usually mild to moderate in severity. In most children it settles down within a few months.
The acne may include comedones (whiteheads and blackheads), inflamed papules and pustules, nodules, and cysts. It may result in scarring.
The cause of infantile acne is unknown. It is thought to be genetic in origin. It is not usually due to excessive testosterone or other androgenic hormones and children with infantile acne are usually otherwise quite normal in appearance.
Acne is rare in older prepubertal children aged 2 to 6. It is associated with higher levels of androgens than is expected for the age of the child. These may result in virilisation. Signs of virilisation are:
Excessive body hair
Abnormal growth
Genital and breast development
Body odour.
Hormone abnormalities in children with acne may be associated with the following conditions:
In most babies with acne, no investigations are necessary. In older children, or if there are other signs of virilisation, the following screening tests may be useful.
